enforcement
pl. uncountable
Commonality score: 2 (Common)
Translations
- Arabic: تطبيق / إنفاذ (القانون)
- Chinese (Mandarin): 执行 / 强制实施
- French: application / exécution
- German: Durchsetzung
- Hindi: प्रवर्तन / लागू करना
- Japanese: 執行 / 施行
- Korean: 집행 / 시행
- Polish: egzekwowanie / wymuszanie
- Portuguese: aplicação / cumprimento
- Russian: принудительное исполнение / обеспечение соблюдения
- Spanish: aplicación / cumplimiento / ejecución
- Thai: การบังคับใช้
- Turkish: yürürlüğe koyma / uygulama
- Vietnamese: thực thi / cưỡng chế
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Whilst every care has been taken to ensure accuracy, translations could be misleading. Check with your teacher if you are unsure.
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Noun type
Abstract Noun: "Conviction" is an abstract noun because it refers either to (1) a firmly held belief or opinion, or (2) the legal finding of guilt in a court of law. Both meanings involve intangible states — either mental certainty or legal judgment — rather than physical objects.
It is uncountable when referring to belief or certainty: “She spoke with great conviction about her values.” It is countable when referring to a legal judgment: “He has two prior convictions for theft.”
From Latin convictio, from convincere (“to overcome, prove guilty”), from com- (“together”) + vincere (“to conquer”).
Definition/s
- (Legal) A formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offence, made by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge.
- A firmly held belief or opinion.
- The feeling of being sure that what you believe or say is true.
Examples
- The jury returned a conviction on all charges.
- Despite opposition, she acted with complete conviction.
- He has a previous conviction for fraud, which may affect his sentencing.
- Her convictions about justice guided her career.
What are Openers?
- Openers are conversation starters you will use to participate in a discussion. They come in three forms:
1. Open Questions
- Ask an open question and understand your conversation partners’s views.
- Make sure to ask follow ups, and remember: this is a conversation, not an interview!
2. Stories
- Tell a personal story. Something that has happened to you, or somebody you know.
- Or tell us about something that you have done or seen.
- Your conversation partners must then follow up with you or reciprocate with their own stories.
3. Opinions
- Share an opinion about something that the content has inspired.
- Respectfully identify any agreement or disagreement there is in the room.
What are Openers?
- Openers are conversation starters you will use to participate in a discussion. They come in three forms:
1. Open Questions
- Ask an open question and understand your conversation partners’s views.
- Make sure to ask follow ups, and remember: this is a conversation, not an interview!
2. Stories
- Tell a personal story. Something that has happened to you, or somebody you know.
- Or tell us about something that you have done or seen.
- Your conversation partners must then follow up with you or reciprocate with their own stories.
3. Opinions
- Share an opinion about something that the content has inspired.
- Respectfully identify any agreement or disagreement there is in the room.
The Skinny
You’ve been asked to brief a senior executive (the “boss”) on a key issue from a recent business news event. This person is busy and relies on you to give them insight, not headlines.
You have 60–90 seconds to deliver a concise, high-value update tailored to their concerns and communication preferences.
1. Read the boss profile carefully.
- Who are they?
- What do they care about?
- What do they not want to hear?
2. Stick to their focus.
- What part of the story matters most to them?
- Don’t explain everything—prioritise.
3. Use business English.
- Be clear, precise, and professional.
- Avoid informal or emotional language.
Two Papal Styles: Clerical vs. Pastoral
Not all popes lead the same way. Some focus more on rules and tradition, while others focus on care and connection. These two styles are often called clerical and pastoral.
Understanding the difference can help us see why Pope Francis felt so different from past leaders—and why some people loved his style while others disagreed with it.
Understanding the difference can help us see why Pope Francis felt so different from past leaders—and why some people loved his style while others disagreed with it.
🟣 Clerical Style
- Focuses on rules, tradition, and Church authority
- Speaks with clear, firm direction
- Keeps strong boundaries between Church leaders and members.
Example: A clerical pope might defend strict Church teachings on family or sacraments.
🟢 Pastoral Style
- Focuses on compassion, listening, and inclusion
- Tries to meet people where they are.
- Emphasises mercy over judgment.
Example: A pastoral pope might welcome divorced people or support migrants and the poor.
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