congenital defect
pl. congenital defects
Commonality score: 2 (Common)
Translations
Arabic: عيب خلقي
Chinese (Mandarin): 先天缺陷
French: malformation congénitale
German: angeborener Defekt
Hindi: जन्मजात दोष
Japanese: 先天性欠損
Korean: 선천적 결함
Polish: wada wrodzona
Portuguese: defeito congênito
Russian: врождённый дефект
Spanish: defecto congénito
Thai: ความบกพร่องแต่กำเนิด
Turkish: doğuştan gelen kusur
Vietnamese: dị tật bẩm sinh
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Whilst every care has been taken to ensure accuracy, translations could be misleading. Check with your teacher if you are unsure.
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Noun type
Compound Noun (Abstract): "Congenital defect" is an abstract compound noun because it refers to a medical condition or abnormality present from birth.
It is countable: “The baby was born with a rare congenital defect.”
It is a compound noun: congenital (from Latin congenitus, meaning “born with”) + defect (from Latin defectus, meaning “failure” or “deficiency”).
Definition/s
- A physical or functional abnormality present at birth, resulting from genetic or environmental factors during development.
- A medical condition that exists from birth and affects the structure or function of the body.
- Any deviation from normal development in a foetus that leads to impaired form or function.
Examples
- The screening revealed a congenital defect affecting the heart valves.
- Certain medications during pregnancy can increase the risk of congenital defects.
- Doctors performed surgery to correct the congenital defect shortly after birth.
What are Openers?
- Openers are conversation starters you will use to participate in a discussion. They come in three forms:
1. Open Questions
- Ask an open question and understand your conversation partners’s views.
- Make sure to ask follow ups, and remember: this is a conversation, not an interview!
2. Stories
- Tell a personal story. Something that has happened to you, or somebody you know.
- Or tell us about something that you have done or seen.
- Your conversation partners must then follow up with you or reciprocate with their own stories.
3. Opinions
- Share an opinion about something that the content has inspired.
- Respectfully identify any agreement or disagreement there is in the room.
What are Openers?
- Openers are conversation starters you will use to participate in a discussion. They come in three forms:
1. Open Questions
- Ask an open question and understand your conversation partners’s views.
- Make sure to ask follow ups, and remember: this is a conversation, not an interview!
2. Stories
- Tell a personal story. Something that has happened to you, or somebody you know.
- Or tell us about something that you have done or seen.
- Your conversation partners must then follow up with you or reciprocate with their own stories.
3. Opinions
- Share an opinion about something that the content has inspired.
- Respectfully identify any agreement or disagreement there is in the room.
The Skinny
You’ve been asked to brief a senior executive (the “boss”) on a key issue from a recent business news event. This person is busy and relies on you to give them insight, not headlines.
You have 60–90 seconds to deliver a concise, high-value update tailored to their concerns and communication preferences.
1. Read the boss profile carefully.
- Who are they?
- What do they care about?
- What do they not want to hear?
2. Stick to their focus.
- What part of the story matters most to them?
- Don’t explain everything—prioritise.
3. Use business English.
- Be clear, precise, and professional.
- Avoid informal or emotional language.
Two Papal Styles: Clerical vs. Pastoral
Not all popes lead the same way. Some focus more on rules and tradition, while others focus on care and connection. These two styles are often called clerical and pastoral.
Understanding the difference can help us see why Pope Francis felt so different from past leaders—and why some people loved his style while others disagreed with it.
Understanding the difference can help us see why Pope Francis felt so different from past leaders—and why some people loved his style while others disagreed with it.
🟣 Clerical Style
- Focuses on rules, tradition, and Church authority
- Speaks with clear, firm direction
- Keeps strong boundaries between Church leaders and members.
Example: A clerical pope might defend strict Church teachings on family or sacraments.
🟢 Pastoral Style
- Focuses on compassion, listening, and inclusion
- Tries to meet people where they are.
- Emphasises mercy over judgment.
Example: A pastoral pope might welcome divorced people or support migrants and the poor.
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